4-H Market Goat Project Reference GuideThis publication provides information on how to start your own 4-H market goat project. It includes everything from getting started to the different breeds of goats.
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A comparison of microbial contamination on sheep/goat carcasses in a modern Indian abattoir and traditional meat shopsThe microbial load on sheep/goat carcasses was investigated in Deonar abattoir and traditional meat shops in Mumbai. A total of 96 swab samples from carcass sites were collected and analysed from the abattoir, while 144 swab samples from carcass sites were analysed from three meat shops. These samples were processed for total viable count (TVC) and differential counts. The average TVC after flaying, evisceration and washing in the abattoir was 5.51 ± 0.36, 6.06 ± 0.53 and 5.13 ± 0.58 CFU/cm2, respectively. Pooled average TVC in the shops after flaying, evisceration and washing was 5.83 ± 0.42, 6.48 ± 0.27 and 6.17 ± 0.41 log CFU/cm2, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed a highly significant difference (P < 0.01) among TVC counts after washing between abattoir and the shops. The highest prevalence of Micrococcus spp. and S. epidermidis was noticed during various operations in both the abattoir and the shops. Although Salmonella spp. could not be isolated from any of the carcass sites in the abattoir, in the shops it showed 16.4% prevalence at all the sites irrespective of operations. Overall study revealed that level of contamination in the traditional meat shops was significantly higher compared to the abattoir. However, the microbial contamination in the abattoir is also high if we compare these results to the reports from developed countries and do not conform to EU specifications. The findings of this study reflect the hygiene status of meat production in the developing world.
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A kinetic model of phosphorus metabolism in growing goatsThe effect of increasing phosphorus (P) intake on P utilization was investigated in balance experiments using 12 Saanen goats, 4 to 5 mo of age and weighing 20 to 30 kg. The goats were given similar diets with various concentrations of P, and 32P was injected to trace the movement of P in the body. A P metabolism model with four pools was developed to compute P exchanges in the system. The results showed that P absorption, bone resorption, and excretion of urinary P and endogenous and fecal P all play a part in the homeostatic control of P. Endogenous fecal output was positively correlated to P intake (P < .01). Bone resorption of P was not influenced by intake of P, and P recycling from tissues to the blood pool was lesser for low P intake. Endogenous P loss occurred even in animals fed an inadequate P diet, resulting in a negative P balance. The extrapolated minimum endogenous loss in feces was .067 g of P/d. The minimum P intake for maintenance in Saanen goats was calculated to be .61 g of P/d or .055 g of P/(kg(.75) x d) at 25 kg BW. Model outputs indicate greater P flow from the blood pool to the gut and vice versa as P intake increased. Intake of P did not significantly affect P flow from bone and soft tissue to blood. The kinetic model and regressions could be used to estimate P requirement and the fate of P in goats and could also be extrapolated to both sheep and cattle.
Copyright © 2000
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A review on goat sperm cryopreservationThe ability to cryopreserve spermatozoa from all of the domestic species is challenging. Even though all of the cells must endure similar physical stresses associated with the cryopreservation processes, sperm from the different species are very different in size, shape and lipid composition, all of which affect cryosurvival. Thus, when a cryopreservation protocol has been optimized for sperm of one species, it may not be ideal for sperm of other species. Bovine and caprine sperm-freezing diluents, for example, contain similar ingredients, but interactions between goat seminal plasma and egg yolk are deleterious to the sperm, a situation not observed with bovine seminal plasma and egg yolk. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the specifics of sperm freezing from a particular species will improve the cryosurvival of sperm from that species. This review updates information relating to the cryopreservation of goat semen, with emphasis on the peculiarities specific to the species. The topics discussed include the effects of goat seminal plasma during cryopreservation, sperm dilution and concentration, freezing and thawing methodologies, the components of cryopreservation diluents, and traditional and recently investigated cryoprotectants. In addition, suggestions for creating a standardized freezing protocol for goat semen are also presented.
Copyright © June 2006
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Acid–base balance modifications in the lamb and goat kids during the first week of lifeIn the lamb and the goat kid, the neonatal period represents a critical stage, as the newly born animals have to adapt to the extra-uterine life. The purpose of this study was to obtain physiological reference values as indicators of dynamic homeostatic processes occurring during the first week of life in the lamb and kid. Two groups of five “Valle del Belice” lambs and five “Girgentana” kids, respectively, were used in the trial. Starting from the first day of birth and for the following 6 days, all animals underwent blood sampling by means of a jugular venipuncture and blood pH, carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2), oxygen partial pressure (pO2), standard bicarbonate concentration (SBC), bicarbonate concentration (HCO3-) and total carbon dioxide (TCO2) were determined using a selective ion haemogasanalyzer. The values were statistically processed for repeated measurements and the Bonferroni test of multiple comparisons, to determine significance differences parameters. There were no statistically significant differences regarding the pH, pCO2, HCO3-, and TCO2 between the two groups, Group A (GA: lambs group) and Group B (GB: kids group). Significant differences were recorded for the pO2 values (GA: P < 0.001; GB: P < 0.0001) and SBC (GA: P < 0.01; GB: P < 0.01). pO2 values showed a constant and significant increase (P < 0.05) both for GA and GB groups, during the earliest part of the investigation. Furthermore pO2 values in the GB group showed a significant increase (P < 0.05), starting from the second day of the study. SBC showed a gradual increase during the observation period. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were recorded in the GA group between the second and third day, compared to the seventh day and in GB group for the first day, compared to the fourth and the fifth day. These results outline the occurrence of acid–base homeostatic mechanisms, and the physiologic evolution of the organs and parameters under investigation. Furthermore results underline differences between the species that needs to be further researched.
Copyright © June 2006
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Adrenal function in Angora goats: a comparative study of adrenal steroidogenesis in Angora goats, Boer goats, and Merino sheepSouth African Angora goats (Capra aegagrus) are susceptible to stress conditions, possibly due to adrenal cortex malfunction. Selection for mohair production may reduce adrenal function and decrease cortisol production. Secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex is essential for the induction of several gluconeogenic enzymes that enable animals to survive stressful conditions, and adrenocortical insufficiency, therefore, precipitates a vulnerability to stress. In this study, Angora goats were compared with two breeds generally accepted as hardy, Boer goats (Capra hircus) and Merino sheep (Ovis aries). Adrenal steroidogenesis was studied using subcellular fractions prepared from the adrenal glands of freshly slaughtered animals. Adrenal microsomes and mitochondria were incubated with the relevant steroid substrates, and products were analyzed and quantified with TLC, HPLC, or RIA. Subsequently, the activity of individual enzymes involved in this pathway were further investigated. The cytochrome P450 content in the preparations was also compared. The results from these studies indicated that the activity of the cytochrome P450c17 enzyme in Angora goats differed (P < .01) from that of the other species investigated. This difference may contribute to the cause of the observed hypoadrenocorticism in Angora goats.
Copyright © 2000
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Adrenocortical response to ACTH in Angora and Spanish goat wethersAngora goats do not cope well with stress compared with goats of other breeds. Our hypothesis that this involves subclinical primary hypoadrenocorticism associated with low cortisol release in response to ACTH stimulation was tested by measuring adrenocortical response (plasma cortisol) in six Spanish (37 +/- 2 kg BW) and six Angora wethers (39 +/- 3 kg BW) under simulated acute and chronic ACTH challenges. In Exp. 1 (acute ACTH challenge), wethers were dosed i.v. with high (2.5 IU/kg BW) or low (.4 IU/kg BW) quantities of ACTH. In Exp. 2 (chronic ACTH challenge), ACTH at the rate of .015 IU/(kg BW x min) or saline (.15 M NaCl) was infused i.v. at 15 mL/h for 6 h. The mean baseline plasma cortisol concentration before ACTH stimulation was similar (P > .05) between Angora and Spanish goats in Exp. 1 (averaged over days) and in Exp. 2. The cortisol concentration response area (ng/ (mL x min) x 10(-3)) above the baseline was similar (P > .05) between Angora and Spanish goats during low (7.6 +/- .5 and 9.0 +/- 1.7, respectively) and high (12.8 +/- 1.0 and 16.0 +/- 1.8, respectively) levels of acute ACTH challenge (Exp. 1) and during chronic ACTH challenge (45.1 +/- 5.9 and 41.8 +/- 7.3, respectively; Exp. 2). In conclusion, these data indicate that, under the conditions of this study, adrenocortical responsiveness to ACTH stimulation is not different between Angora and Spanish goat wethers and, thus, may not contribute to stress susceptibility in Angora goats.
Copyright © 1999
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Ag Alternatives: Meat Goat ProductionGoat is the most highly consumed meat in the world; and more goat’s milk is consumed worldwide than cow’s milk. In the United States, meat goat production is increasing because of goats’ economic value as efficient converters of low-quality forages into quality meat, milk, and hide products for specialty markets.
Copyright © 2000
Code Number: ua340
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Agricultural Alternatives: Dairy Goat ProductionDairy goat production is an alternative livestock enterprise suitable for many small-scale or part-time livestock operations.Some dairy goat producers have been successful in pasteurizing goat milk and building an on-farm jugging business; others have ventured into processed milk products for retail distribution. The potential also exists for selling milk to processors, usually on a regional basis. Although fluid milk and processed products are important markets, dairy goat producers should also consider the potential for selling animals to hobbyists and youth involved in vocational agriculture livestock projects.
Copyright © 1998
Code Number: ua260
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An update on estrus synchronization in goats: A minor speciesEstrus synchronization allows for parturition at suitable times to take advantage of niche markets, feed supplies, labor, and rising price trends. In the past, synchronization of estrus in goats has focused primarily on dairy goats to allow for optimal timing of milk production. However, recent interest in meat goat production has resulted in attempts to use dairy goat, sheep, and cattle synchronization regimens in meat goat management systems. Methods of synchronization have included techniques as simple as alteration of light patterns or manipulation of social inputs (i.e., the buck effect) and as complex as varying timed hormonal treatments combined with light alteration and the buck effect. The synchronization of estrus using timed hormonal treatments seems to be more convenient in many meat goat production situations. Examples of hormones used include melatonin, progestogens (administered orally, as an injection, or by using intravaginal releasing devices), gonadotropins/GnRH (or agonists), and PG alone or in combination. As is seen with sheep and cattle, breed and/or breed type, stage of production, and environmental effects can influence synchronization success in goats. The introduction of breeds developed in other countries for rapid growth, such as the Boer goat, and increased consumer and producer interest have added to the impetus for developing cost-efficient and highly effective estrus synchronization regimens. New research is being conducted and various synchronization methods are being attempted in goats, a minor species, and the objective of this paper is to review these efforts.
Copyright © 2004
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Dairy and Animal Science Web Site at das.psu.edu